Economic Behavior of Working Women: A Study on Income Utilization and Savings

Dr.P.Karthika

The increasing participation of women in the workforce has significantly contributed to household income and financial decision-making. This study examines the income level, income utilization pattern, and saving behaviour of working women. The research is based on primary data collected from 100 working women using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, percentage analysis, Chi-square test, and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that the majority of working women earn a moderate monthly income, with a mean income of Rs.34,500, and a large portion of their earnings is allocated toward household expenses and family needs. The average monthly saving among respondents is Rs.5,200, indicating moderate saving capacity due to increasing living costs and financial responsibilities. The Chi-square test shows a significant relationship between income level and saving behaviour, indicating that women with higher income levels tend to save more. Correlation analysis also reveals a strong positive relationship between income and savings, while expenditure increases with income. The study concludes that although working women actively contribute to household financial management and demonstrate positive saving habits, their savings are often constrained by family expenses. Improving financial literacy and encouraging diversified investment opportunities can enhance the financial security and economic independence of working women.

An Explainable Hybrid Machine Learning Framework for UPI QR and Collect Request Fraud Detection

Mrs. R.Gayathri; Mrs. Rejitha D

The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has emerged as a dominant digital payment platform in India, processing over 10 billion transactions monthly and increasingly attracting fraud attacks such as PAY/RECEIVE manipulation, QR code tampering, and social engineering. Conventional rule-based fraud detection systems are limited in their ability to capture evolving behavioral, contextual, and semantic fraud patterns. This paper presents an explainable hybrid fraud detection framework for UPI QR transactions that performs multi-dimensional analysis of user behavior and transaction context. The proposed framework integrates behavioral decision features, contextual device and call-state indicators, semantic text manipulation signals, and a dynamic QR reputation scoring mechanism that adapts over time. A hybrid architecture combining rule-based screening, Isolation Forest anomaly detection, and XGBoost classification is employed, with SHAP used to provide model interpretability. The framework operates real-time deployment, while delivering transparent and human-interpretable explanations that address trust and accountability requirements in financial fraud detection systems.

Perception of material culture and fishing of Puri district in Orissa

Mr.Gama Mohanto

Perception of environmental resources is one of the key factors in development of material culture of the people. The natural environment has opened up a number of elements and possibilities to convert them as resources. Sometimes a single object may have multiple resource possibilities and their utilization as resource depends upon the applied knowledge and experience of the people. The physical environment of the study area of the state of Orissa has created immense scope of marine resource development. Fishing is one of the most important resource processes in the state. Here three different types of fishing namely, marine fishing, brackish fishing and inland fishing have developed. Both inland fishing and brackish fishing have been developed by the Oriya people of the state whereas marine fishing in the state has been developed by the migrant people of Telugu community. Herein the role of perception is the key factor in the growth of resource processing. In the present paper, the role of perception in evolution of marine fishing in the study area is studied with the background of physical resource potentialities, difficulties and prospects of other resource processes. The degree and magnitude of influence of perception on the material culture of fishermen of Orissa has also been taken into consideration in this paper.  

Radicalism in Indian History- example from India

Mr.Tapas Pyne

Dispossession and forced separation of a section of people from the means of production are inextricably associated with state-led economic development. In an inherited post-colonial development paradigm, a ‘top down’ approach followed in India excluded the people living at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder as equal partners who with respect to rising ‘mainstream’ material expectations experience ‘dispossession’ by displacement. Radicalism based on this ground reality, a consequence of uneven development across social and economic categories and across regions, becomes a corollary that concerns both the state and the civil society. Rather than withdrawing from the system that evolved and got fractured over time, the paper opines, the state has to play a key role in development the beginning and base of which has to be to take into confidence the marginalized sections of the society like the tribal people, the downtrodden, and the poor as dignified and equal partners.  

Communal constitution of the Chauhans of Sambalpur

Ms.Rama Biswas

In brief it is mainly a discussion on the tribal and non-tribal structure of society of the state of Sambalpur. Within this social hierarchy, the Chauhans stood first, followed by various tribal groups like the Binjhals, Kondh, and Sahara etc. The Chauhans maintained a balance of relationship within their tribal population. They created all possible conveniences to attract people of the higher social groups from outside to settle in their kingdom. To arrive at a definite historical conclusion as to how the social structure was designed by the Chauhans of Sambalpur, the author of the article consulted the only contemporary as well as authentic Sanskrit courtly chronicle of sixteenth century, ‘KosalanandaKavyam’, the eighteenth century authentic Lariya courtly chronicle ‘Jaya Chandrika’and other vernacular sources of seventeenth century such as ‘Sasisena Kavya’, ‘Sambala Mansa’. Nineteenth century British accounts are used adequately as well. This paper is an attempt at providing certain observations on the social structure of western Orissa under the Chauhans of Sambalpur during sixteenth to eighteenth century.  

History of Environmental History of India: A Review of Historiography

V.M. Ravi Kumar

Environmental history offers systematic documentation of human environmental relationship in the past. Fascinating literature on environmental history has been produced in the last three decades in India. This articles attempts to propose a historiographical review of this new frontier of historical inquiry. Three of the following aspects are highlighted: core areas covered under environmental history: broad trends that are used in structuring environmental history and further prospects to explore ecological dimension of India history.  

History of punch-marked coin in Indian subcontinent

Mr.Dipayan Das

Most likely the fist coin of India was minted just before 5th century BCE in northern and central India. The earliest coins of India are commonly known as Punch-marked coins. As the name suggests, these coins bear the symbol of various types, punched on metal pieces of specific size and weight. Issued initially by merchant Guilds and later by States, the coins represented a trade currency belonging to a period of intensive trade activity and urban development. They are broadly classified into two periods: the first period (attributed to the Janapadas or small local states) and the second period (attributed to the Imperial Mauryan period). The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols. In this write up we shall discuss the origin, growth and development of Punch marked coins in Indian Subcontinent in ancient times.  

Socio-economic study of the peoples established in three steel plants in India

Subhash Deshkukh

In preponderance of the cases the ongoing development model propelled by the market forces often goes against the interest of the very section of people that sacrifice their hearth and home for economic development of the nation. In order to throw light on the inadequacy of the state’s resettlement and rehabilitation policy measures for the people affected by the modern development projects and their social and ecological consequences on the livelihood of the ecosystem people, the paper attempts to make a critical analysis of the present state of living of the families displaced during 1950s and 1960s by three public sector steel plants in India. The findings are based on primary data collected by the author through fieldwork in the three steel cities and their peripheries during 2007-08.  

Nomads of today-a case study on socio-political dimension

Mr.Anirudha Hazra

World is striving to advance technologically and in an eco friendly way. These changes are now being witnessed in first, second and in third world countries also. But there are some people who also live in these worlds without caring for this progress. They live in the world of their own. They are misfit to these ever changing worlds. They are ‘nomads’, the bohemians cling to their own lifestyle not at all caring for future. Today is only important to them but tomorrow. Tomorrow is left for tomorrow.In the long past they had ancestral homes, good arable lands, but in course of time they were stripped of their hearth and home, forced to move to unfriendly infertile land by superior race. As such they found it difficult to continue living there and left it to eke out living elsewhere and become ‘nomads’ Nomads are found in many countries of the world. They are also found in many states of India viz. Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal etc. in West Bengal nomads of different origin are also found. These people never stay permanently anywhere. They live in open air or somehow made ‘Jhopries’, by the side of railway tracts, dilapidated buildings, outside of villages etc I.e. far from the madding crowd. They eke out living of anything I.e. sometime as agricultural laborers, performing black art, i.e. magic, tight rope walking, and circus tricks, as snake charmer etc.  

Cyclic change in geographical thought in modern world wide educational attainment

Mr. Sandipan Pan

Urbanization means the growth of the number and size of the towns and the spreading of quality of life in towns. Naturally the growth and development is infrastructural development etc.). Primary target is to demonstrate the connection between urbanization and rural development. Urbanization is closely connected to regional development. There is no only one viable (universal) regional development trend. Sustainable development is one of the most important types of them. Lots of sign shows that certain parts of urbanization process could not be part of sustainable Development. Success of sustainable development in urbanization process depends on the relationship between towns and their rural territory different in several parts of the world. on the other hand the urbanization is not only effect to towns. It has also an effect on rural region. Several attendant Phenomenon belong to the urbanization (economic development, rural development.